In Iran, during the Zandieh era, the military organization there was not much difference from the Afsharid and Safavid era, so the methods and tactics used by the military forces were in fact an overview of previous courses. In this period the old warfare method was based on the supremacy of the manpower and the brave and heroic warfare. But the use of proper and appropriate methods of battle also played a major role in the victory or defeat of the troops. During the Zandieh era, various methods were used to win the battle such as: therumors of wounding, capturing or killing the commander of the opposing forces, the plundering of the enemy soldiers by giving money andother gifts, starting the war inthe spring, avoiding thebattle in plains and open spaces, using walls and ditches to protect the cities, building fortifications to break the siege andnight attack. If used the methods correctly and appropriately, would have led to victory inthe battles. Zandieh's troops tried to use all of these methods to win the battles. This ledto their success in many conflicts. In the present research, it will be tried to answer the question with using the descriptive-analytical method and reference tothe first-handresources, which has contributed to the success of the military forces of the Zandia forces, especially during the period of Karim Khan Zand. The research'sachievement is that Zandieh army, with the presence of commanding commanders like Karim Khan, was ableto achieve the greatest success in the battle with the proper and timely use of various methods ofbattle.

The use of different methods of battle has always been one of the ways to win over rivals, and the establishment of different dynasties throughout history has depended on military power and the use of various military tactics. Nader Shah was one of the unique personalities in the history of the war in Iran who was able to win various domestic and foreign battles by using various methods of war and cut off the hands of foreigners from the territory of Iran. The present study seeks to use the descriptive-analytical method and using first-hand sources and new research to answer the question that Nader has from the time of his emergence to the end of his reign to conquer different regions and overcome domestic opponents and foreign enemies what battle methods have used to win battles? The research results show that Nader used methods such as sending Ilychi to intimidate and surrender to the enemy, using a spy system, surprising the enemy, capturing the castle in various ways, including smashing, to suppress and defeat domestic rivals and foreign enemies, dropping divisions between enemy forces, spreading rumors about the killing of the commanders, inciting the his forces before the attack and during the war, paying attention to the forces's pension and using the spoils properly and attracting the attention of the commanders and elders.

The Prophet, as a mentor and eternal example for humanity, is relevant for all times and places, and his educational methods are considered one of the most important sources for educational jurisprudence. One of the issues that can be emulated in the field of education is the way the Prophet dealt with opponents. One of the most important situations in the life of the noble Prophet of Islam was the battles of Uhud and Tabuk. Since proper interaction with dissenters has a special impact on guiding these individuals, it is necessary to employ the most appropriate methods of dealing with them. This research is carried out using an analytical-descriptive method and with a focus on interpretive sources. The result of this research suggests that the most important principle in dealing with dissenters is the principle of kindness, which is manifested in educational methods of forgiveness and pardon. However, the application of this principle is prohibited in some cases, and it is necessary to use methods of warning, intimidation, and punishment.

Introduction: To treat or not to treat subclinical hypothyroidism is a question, which internationally creates much discussion and writing. Subclinical hypothyroidism is biochemically defined by a serum TSH above the upper reference limit, whereas serum T4 estimates are within the reference range. This pattern of biochemistry indicates a slightly failing thyroid gland. Both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism show large differences in epidemiology between populations, probably caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Whereas there has been consensus on the benefits of thyroid hormone replacement therapy of overt hypothyroidism for more than 100 years, opinions on how to deal with subclinical hypothyroidism are far from unanimous....

The formation of the Mongol Union by Genghis Khan led them to confront regional and extra-regional opponents. With the beginning of the first disputes between the Mongols and the Khwarezmshahian, the Mongol army headed towards Iran. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using first-hand sources, seeks to answer the question, what methods did the Mongols use to conquer different regions of Iran? The findings of the research show that the Mongols used a combination of erosive, surprising and bloodthirsty war methods in the face of the resistance that was carried out in different regions. Due to the fact that the Mongols did not face a unified army, they used different methods and tactics to conquer different areas. They use methods such as creating fear and panic by sending envoys, capturing villages and surrounding areas before conquering the main urban centers, dividing military forces and fighting simultaneously on several fronts to prevent the unification of enemy forces, long-term siege and surrendering the enemy using catapults. Using incendiary materials to break the siege and evacuate hiding places in cities, using tricks to surprise or trick the enemy, such as pretending to retreat, spreading rumors, offering peace, camouflage, delaying the enemy to arrive for reinforcements and reinforcements, and using captives They used war in the battle with the enemy.

Automatic topic detection seems unavoidable in social media analysis due to big text data which their users generate. Clustering-based methods are one of the most important and up-to-date categories in topic detection. The goal of this research is to have a wide study on this category. Therefore, this paper aims to study the main components of clustering-based-topic-detection, which are embedding methods, distance metrics, and clustering algorithms. Transfer learning and consequently pretrained language models and word embeddings have been considered in recent years. Regarding the importance of embedding methods, the efficiency of five new embedding methods, from earlier to recent ones, are compared in this paper. To conduct our study, two commonly used distance metrics, in addition to five important clustering algorithms in the field of topic detection, are implemented by the authors. As COVID-19 has turned into a hot trending topic on social networks in recent years, a dataset including one-month tweets collected with COVID-19-related hashtags is used for this study. More than 7500 experiments are performed to determine tunable parameters. Then all combinations of embedding methods, distance metrics and clustering algorithms (50 combinations) are evaluated using Silhouette metric. Results show that T5 strongly outperforms other embedding methods, cosine distance is weakly better than other distance metrics, and DBSCAN is superior to other clustering algorithms.

The smuggling phenomenon is a universal issue, which has been turned into a great problem in developing countries. It is inappropriate since it has negative impacts on the economy, weakens the economical strategies and sometimes shows itself as a silent battle against the economy. It is based on illegal profiting via illegal business. There are lots of evidence regarding these activities in developing countries however, there are no reliable statistics available which can be quite misleading. Maybe the most important reason to smuggling is the restriction put on specific businesses. This article tries to illustrate the process in which smuggling is shaped, the contributory factor, its consequences and preventive measures against it.

The microstate of Norway unlike traditional theories of international relations (Hardwareist and paying attention to the great powers / states) has been able to create a respectable role in the internal and international disputes by focusing on the soft power embedded in relative advantages, transnational branding and invaluable image. Question of writing is norway 's reputation in peace diplomacy. the authors, considering the framework of Nation branding attempted to show how Norway (despite its marginal status and scarce resources) has managed to show itself as an acceptable and pro-peace figure( peacemaking/peace keeping) in international conflicts; What many great countries with a great deal of resources have been unable to do. transnational branding of Norwegians in Peace diplomacy was a consequence of focusing on the cultural advantages inherent in the Norwegian nation-state structure. Institution building, legal / financial support for peacebuilding and peacekeeping, Participation in peace in numerous domestic and international conflicts and The rich literature of Norwegian peace is one of the research findings that confirm the hypothesis.

This article revisits 'brag' and 'bragging' in the battle field in Ferdowsi's Shahname. To this end, in the first section, the denotative and idiomatic meanings of brag and bragging are examined and their historical background in ancient Greek, Arab and Iranian as well as the literature of the fourth and fifth centuries are briefly illustrated. The second section aims at exploring Ferdowsi's artistry in dealing with the techniques of bragging in the battle field by Shahname's champions and presents an evaluation of functions and the rhetorical values of bragging as utilized in ferdowsi's story-telling discourse.